Teenage pregnancy in Croydon – literature review and research outline

Research studies take a crap suggested that adolescent pregnancy is a major global issue and it needs to be addressed accu localizely due to the health, affectionate and economic risks associated with this issue (Baker, 2007 Roth et al., 2009 Kamberg, 2012). Decline in the enumerate of jejune pregnancies have been reported as a result of the strategies underinterpreted by governing bodies across Europe to reduce the bod of unplanned teend conceptions. However, England still has the highest rate of juvenile pregnancies which ar mostly unplanned (Teenage pregnancy Associates, 2011). Teenage pregnancies are a major cause of poor health conditions in teen mothers and their babies, it have an adverse economic allude and do work a crucial role in increasing child penury (WHO, 2012).According to a recent press release, London Borough of Croydon recorded 50% reduction in the teenage conceptions however, the borough is still amongst the regions with highest teenage pregnancy ra te (Croydon, 2012). In ready to further reduce the rate of teenage pregnancies in Borough of Croydon it is crucial to identify the factors do the increase in teenage conceptions. Therefore, the identify of this look into study is to efficaciously recognize the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies in the London Borough of Croydon and the chosen organisation is Croydon Health function NHS Trust. The look for objectives are* To identify the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies through literature.* To identify the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies in the London Borough of Croydon.* To identify the strategies that could be follow by the governing bodies in London Borough of Croydon to address the issues of increasing teenage pregnancies.1. LITERATURE REVIEW1. soulfulness FactorsResearch studies have suggested that individual factors play an important role in teenage conceptions (Imamura et al., 2007). Children of teenage lone mothers are more vulnerable to make out teenage parents (Botting et al. 1998). Members of some certain ethnic groups such as Caribbean and Asiatic are more likely to become teenage parents in comparison to white teenagers (Botting et al., 1998 Berthoud, 2001). Underperforming children at school who show little or no interest in learning and eventually drops out at first ages are to a fault at a risk of becoming teenage parents (Kiernan, 1995).Research evidences have suggested that increased number of teenage pregnancies have also been observed in young children sustenance in care or those who leave care (Imamura et al., 2007). According to Haldre et al. (2009) alcohol abuse in the family and utterer berth levels of sexual knowledge also lead to higher number of teenage pregnancies.1. Socio- Economic FactorsAccording to Baker (2007), socio-economic disadvantages are one of the major causes of teenage pregnancies. Teenagers who are detached or detach themselves from the society as a result of d iscrimination or wishing of support from the society are highly vulnerable to early pregnancies. Social disadvantages as identified by Englands Social Exclusion Unit takes unemployment, poor quality of health, living in deprived areas, having lower levels of skills, poor housing facilities, family fall outs and low income (SEU, 2001). Gruber (2009) argued that individuals become socially disadvantaged when they are denied their basic rights and the opportunities to become an prompt part of the society which leas to involvements in crimes and other illegal activities. Research studies have suggested that children of socially disadvantaged young parents live in poverty (Baker, 2007).However, non many evidences are present in the literature about the function of poverty to teenage pregnancies and this area needs more exploration. According to a research study by Arai (2009), poverty is common in households where the interrogation of the household is a teenager. MacPhail and Campb ell (2001) identified that poverty pose an influential usurpation on the decisions of teenagers to buy contraceptives leading to unintended teenage pregnancies which further leads to lack of finance and support. Trapani (1999) found out that in most cases of teenage pregnancies boyfriends of teenage pregnant girls hesitate from taking the responsibility of the child due to its impact on their educational and employment opportunities. This rejection from partners can cause depression in teenage mothers and their children could significantly suffer in many ways as a result of this depression.It is clear from the preliminary literature review that individual, social and economic factors play an important role in increased number of teenage conceptions. Recent reports published by NHS suggest that government has taken a number of steps to reduce teenage pregnancies however, despite of these measures the conquest rate is low. This leads to the formulation of the research question for t his study which is to understand wherefore is teenage pregnancy increasing and what more factors are contributing to this worry in addition to the ones identified by previous research studies1. systemology1. Research Philosophy and ApproachPositivist research philosophy has been adopted for this research study. Positivist research philosophy bequeath allow gather quality data, having high validity in a natural tantrum (Belk, 2008). Research approach can be inducive or deductive depending upon the type of the research study and for this qualitative research study inductive research approach has been adopted. The advantages of inductive research approach include its tractability and its supportive framework that effectively allows the formulation of new models (Monsen and Horn, 2007).1. Research schemaAn exploratory case study research strategy has been undertaken for the accomplishment of the pose of this research study because of its effectiveness in exploring the problem understudy and because of its advance in unveiling new issues (Walsh and Wigens, 2003). This research strategy is extremely cartridge clip consuming and provides no control over the information provided by the participants however, tally to Kumar (2008) the researcher can effectively overcome these problems through his/her competent research skills.1. Data Collection and AnalysisPrimary as well as secondary data give be collected for this research study. secondhand data willing be collected from the reports published by NHS, books, journals and countersign articles. Both the qualitative and quantitative sources of information will be explored. The advantages of include era effectiveness, cost effectiveness and the ease of access to the information. Invalid or incomplete pieces of information and possible confusion due to the availability of massive amount of information are few limitations of this data collection method (Kumar, 2011).Primary data will be collected by conduc ting semi- structured interviews because of its efficacy in establishing an informal two way conversation amongst the researcher and the participant (Carter and Thomas, 1997). Data will be analysed in a step wise manner (Maykut and Morehouse, 1994). Firstly all the responses will be carefully examined followed by the unitization and categorisation of different pieces of information. Finally the responses will be interpreted.1. Target Population and AccessThe target population for this research study are the pregnant teenagers attending antenatal clinics in Croydon and the stress size would be 15. Initially contact over the phone was effected with a supervisor of midwives to arrange a meeting in order to explain the benefits of this research study. It was decided in the meeting that the invitation for participating in the research study will be given to the pregnant teenagers by the midwives attending antenatal clinics in local medical practices.Pregnant teenagers impulsive to p articipate will be given a date and time for the interviews after consulting the researcher and all the interviews will take place in a room within the medical practices so that an assuring surround could be provided to the participants.1. Ethical ConsiderationsParticipation will be voluntary, anonymity will be maintained, information about the study will be provided to the participants and pen consents will be taken prior to the interviews. Information collected will only be used by the researcher.1. Validity, Reliability and GeneralisabilityTo maintain the dependableness and validity of the data all the measures will be taken to keep down the chances of errors during face-to-face interviews and when analysing the data. Generalisability is the potential limitation of the research study as the results business leader not completely reflect the condition in other Boroughs of England.1. remainderIn conclusion, despite of the limitation this research study will effectively contrib ute towards the information present in the literature about the factors causing the increase in the number of teenage conceptions.