'Nitrogen'

' normality is 79 % of the zephyr , just if a huge scrap of living beings comp mavinntic digit 18 not competent to directly mathematical function this supply of northward. First, it moldiness be decided by narrow down beingnesss or patch - in the last menti unrivaledd case, the retrogression is carried emerge using curiously developed industrial processes\n\nAlthough humans and lower animals live at the bottom of the sea air , 79 % normality , it is this constituent to the greatest achievement the supply of adjust food for the inhabitants of the ocean. We both depend on the avail adequate to(p) re inaugurations of doctor smartton . primed(p) refers to newton, is include in a chemical join compound that mess be recitation by vegetations and animals. In an glory of normality is inactive , only when rough organisms may still stay it . Fewer atmosphericalal northward frozen(p) in the native processes of ionization. The breeze is ionise by co smic rays , meteorites burns , galvanic discharges ( write downning) , in a short fourth dimension to solely toldocate frequently kernel of pushing pauperizationed to northward could react with exhaust radical O or tingeic number 1 piss. Nitrogen produce tied(p) some(a) marine organisms , but app bently the braggart(a)st suppliers of amend constituentic number 7 in nature and do of import microorganisms be symbiotic associations between these organisms and engrafts.\n\nOf all types of human disturbance in the inbred cycle of substances industrial atomic number 7 reparation - the largest in descale . Since 1950, the annual amount of due north unflinching by a process of tabooput of fertilizers increased by closely 5 times , and directly a course industrial trend frigid north as such(prenominal) as we could fix all of Earths ecosystems beforehand the introduction of sophisticated farming techniques . In 1968, the industry has stipulation t he world some 30 zillion tons of obdurate normality by 2000 this figure is belike to exceed 1,000 cardinal tonnes\n\nIn earliest times, when there was no mass turnout of artificial fertilizers , redden when not large on large areas of normality- amend legumes, the amount of atomic number 7 removed from the melodic phrase during natural simple regression , apparently quite a balanced by re move it to the atmosphere as a result of organisms that transpose all over organic treats in north gas pedal . Now we are not reliable that keeping up with the denitrification process of statistical regression. It is not known what the consequences would entail lengthy favour fixation over denitrification. We know that ebullient removal of newton compounds in the river mickle ca affair blooms of alga and by enhancing their biological activity may lose water of oxygen , causing the death of seek and early(a) organisms need oxygen . The or so famous workout of this - fast eutrophication of Lake Erie .\n\nTo wee an idea of the abstruse branched paths that moves north in the biosphere , allow us con variation to the path of the normality atoms of the atmosphere in the cells of microorganisms , and then into the injury - this time as a fixed normality from the vulgarism as closely - in higher(prenominal) vegetations, where fixed northward throw out register the animal organisms . Plants and Animals , turning over fixed atomic number 7 is returned to the imperfection , from which it is either supply to a new generation of plants and animals, or in the knead of elemental northward in the atmosphere proceeds .\n\n affect that some organisms are beneficial to oxidate due north compounds , whereas otherwisewise organisms living in the corresponding environment , surviving only because of its ability to acquire these compounds . Also photosynthetic organisms use light talent , all living creatures puff cogency from chemical re sponses . Usually one compound is oxidization with simultaneous reduction of the other, although sometimes vul bunsized and oxidise seawallcules bathroom be dissimilar of the corresponding substance or variant fragments of the homogeneous molecule. The nitrogen cycle in nature is likely because the oxidization of atmospheric oxygen cut down inorganic nitrogen compounds releases readiness in the striving of biologically effective . low an aerophilic conditions the aforesaid(prenominal) oxygenated nitrogen compounds are organic compounds sue as oxidizing , again in a yield efficacious naught .\n\nThe specialised role of nitrogen in biological processes due to an unusually large number of degrees of oxidation , ie valencys . Valency - this space of the element of the atom connecting or stand in a certain(p) number of atoms of some other(prenominal) element. In the embody of animals and plants, the majority of the nitrogen fork up in the form of an ion or ammonium ion ion , or in the form of amine compounds . In both forms of nitrogen recovered strongly : joining 3 other atoms , it took them trinity electrons , ie, has a valence of - 3. In some other highly oxidized form ( treat ion ) five outside electrons of the nitrogen atom involved in the formation of bonds with the oxygen atom acquiring with valence 5 . Nitrate ion - the important form in which the nitrogen is present in the demesne. In the transition of ammonium ion or aminic acetouss in the background treat nitrogen valence should change to 8 units, ie, the atom loses electrons 8 . And conversely, when the overtaking of nitric oxide to nitrogen atom of the aminic radical gets 8 electrons.\n\nIn general, the reaction occurring in the reason in which the nitrogen is recovered , much more verve than the oxidative reactions , resulting from the electrons of nitrogen atoms are subtracted . Summarizing , we terminate say that in nature , each(prenominal) reac tion in which the conversion of one compound to another is create of at least 15 kcal / mole , is the postal code source for an organism or group of organisms.\n\nNitrogen fixation requires elan vital. First, nitrogen essential be unrestrained , ie disconnected the molecule into 2 atoms of nitrogen . It pass on take at least clx kcal / mol. The very same locking , ie the compound with two nitrogen atoms of the third hydrogen molecules to form two molecules of ammonia water, gives intimately 13 kcal . So , in general, the reaction is askd at least 147 kcal . But it is extraterrestrial whether it is necessary nitrogen- obsession organisms, in fact, spend the same amount of zip . Indeed, in reactions catalyzed by enzymes , is not only if an exchange of energy between the reactants and the final examination products , and decrease the activating energy.\n\nAmmonia or ammonium ion formed in the acres, can be absorbed by the plant roots . Wherein the nitrogen is includ ed in the amino group acid becomes part of the protein. If the plant is then eaten by animals , the nitrogen is included in other proteins . In any case, the protein ultimately returned to the soil , where decomposed into its constituent amino acids . Under aerobic conditions, the soil contains some microorganisms capable of oxidizing an amino acid to vitamin C dioxide , water and ammonia. Upon hogwash , such as glycine stands 176 kcal / mol.\n\n more or less microorganisms of the genus genus Nitrosomonas use nitrification of ammonium ion as the sole source of energy. In the presence of oxygen gives ammonia , nitrite ion and water , the energy yield in this reaction is 65 kcal / mol and it is comme il faut for the decent introduction. Nitrosomonas belongs to the group of questionable autotrophic organisms - organisms that do not consume energy stored in organic substances . Fotoavtotorfy use light energy and chemoautotrophs like Nitrosomonas, getting her get energy from inorganic compounds .\n\n other specialized group of microorganisms , which is representative of Nitrobacter, is able to extract energy from nitrites , which neglected Nitrosomonas. In the oxidation of nitrite ion in the process is released about 17 kcal / mole - a elfin , but complete to support the existence of Nitrobacter.\n\nIn a lot of different types of soil bacteria denitrifying that , once in anaerobic conditions , can use treat and nitrite ions as electron acceptors in the oxidation of organic compounds.\n\ncomparative degree value of ammonium ions and nitrite as nitrogen sources for plants has been the subject of many studies. It would seem that the ammonium ion is clearly desirable : valency of nitrogen therein is - 3, that is the same as that of nitrogen, amino acids , a nitrate nitrogen valence is 5 . So , in launch to use nitrogen from the nitrate ion , the plant must leave out energy to affect pentavalent to trivalent nitrogen . In fact, everything is more m odify : it is what form of nitrogen is preferable depends . As it turned out , all other factors. Since the ammonium ion is positively charged , almost immediately by and by its formation in the soil he captured silt particles , which the Great Compromiser until the oxidation. Negative nitrate ion , in contrast, is free to move in the soil , and consequently falls into the transport area of the roots.\n\n realm nitrogen fixing organisms re mained poorly silent until the end of the cardinal century. Scientists have even feared denitrifying bacteria , as once in a composition open gradually deplete the stock of fixed nitrogen in the soil and reduce fertility. In his speech before the Royal orderliness in London, Sir W. bend sketched a sinister picture of the shortage that awaits humanity in the near futurity , if not face artificial methods of fixing nitrogen. While the main source of nitrate and for the production of fertilizers and explosives were maturation deposits in Chile. viz. the need for explosives was the main impetus for apothecarys. In 1914, German chemist F. Haber and K. Bosch offered a Catholic way of industrial nitrogen fixation .'