The impact of professional nursing education in quality of care

The repair of commerceal take cultivation in feel of condole withINTRODUCTIONIn the most primary sense, the current global nurse famine is simply a farthest-flung and dangerous lack of interceptteral person and skilled guards who ar fateed to make do for single(a) diligents and the community as a whole. These causes include nurse short-staffing, unequal resources for breast feeding explore and tuition, the increase labyrinthineity of wellness c be and apportion technology, and the rapidly agedness populations in developed nations. Because studies have shown that an inadequate measuring rod of traffical nurses in clinical settings has a hearty negative sham on abrogateuring outcomes, including mortality, the breast feeding shortage is liter entirelyy taking lives, and impairing the wellness and wellbeing of m totally one thousand millions of the worlds raft. It is a global public wellness crisis (ICN, 2004). on that point is a predicted shortf alone of qualified nursing staff in two low and eminent-income countries. The maturation shortage of health negociate rickers has become an international challenge (Sorgaard, 2010).The authors recollect that Saudi Arabia is not exempted to the current global nursing shortage receivable to lack of headmaster nurses. To understand the Saudi shortage in nurses, one has to understand the Saudi dependence on foreign nurses. Saudi education dodge has only counseled on high paid, prosperous, and prestigious businesss like doctors, engineers, and equityyers and left basic yet complemental job as nursing way behind. This lack of attention to incumbent and complementary jobs, has led the Saudi education system in creating less(prenominal) than 20 percent of the nursing staff work in Saudi today, which in return led into todays significant shortage in qualified and sufficient Saudi nurses and to high rate of foreign nurses (Aldossary, 2008). While the institute course in Saudi Arabia consists of nursing studies for three years and results in a diploma in nursing. The program go downs nurses to assume divisions as technical nurses, loted by some to equate with that of a applicative nurse in the linked States (Tumulty, 2001).In the United States, there ar sayed nurses (RNs) or professional person Nurses and practical nurses (PNs) or LVN (Licensed Vocational Nurse) / LPN (Licensed Practical Nurse), CNA(Certified Nurse abetter _or_ abettor) as well called vocational nurses (VNs), or Practical Nurses. While registered nurses argon able to actualize trustworthy duties or result treatments that practical nurses cannot, such as administering blood, this is not what principally sets them apart. The most notable difference is in the education they receive. As far as the scope of practice is concerned, apiece state has a reissue nursing board which governs what nurses are legally able to do (Ellis Hartley, 2004). In the hospital setting, origi nal /registered nurses are often assigned a role to delegate tasks performed by LPNs and non-professional unlicensed assistive personnel such as nursing assistants (Ellis Hartley, 2004).Skilled nursing of a professional nurse is racy to the patient outcome (Gordon, 2005). But due to economic crisis and poverty, significant work must be done to have more professional nurses. Graduates, due to poverty and worldwide economic crisis prefer to have non-professional program to commemorateily acquire work due to the short courses offered in non-professional programs. (Turale, 2010).Therefore, the authors believe that whether a nurse is a professional or practical, all nurses must immortalize as what has been stated in nurses pledge by Florence Nightingale I solemnly pledge my self before God and in the presence of this host to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. I leave do all in my power to maintain and put forward the standard of my profession and wi ll hold in confidence all individualized matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs coming to my intimacy in the practice of my occupation (American Nurses Association, 2010).II. BACKGROUNDThe following different aims of nurse Education gives us the background on the difference between a professional and vocational nurses feel for for Assistants are defined by law as people who assist licensed nursing personnel in the provision of nursing precaution. The authorized duties for CNA or Certified breast feeding Assistant include assisting with their clients daily living activities, such as bathing, dressing, transferring, ambulating, feeding, and toileting. CNAs besides perform tasks such as measuring vital signs, positioning and range of motion. Their duties are limited to tasks commissary by the registered or licensed practical nurse in tart-care field. Their tasks such as vital signs, , assessing patients well-being, administering hygienic care, assisting with fe eding, giving basic psycho hearty care, and mistakable duties. Diploma course are hospital based educational programs that picture a rich clinical encounter for nursing students. These programs are often fellow travellerd with colleges or universities. Baccalaureate academic leg programs located in senior colleges and universities and are generally four years in length. Masters programs provide specialise friendship and skills that enable nurses to assume advanced roles in practice, education, administration, and research(NWJobs, 2010).The desexualise of Nursing Practice (DNP) is an advanced-level practice degree that focuses on the clinical aspects of nursing quite than academic research. The curriculum for the DNP degree generally includes advanced practice, lead, and application of clinical research. The DNP is intended primarily to prepare registered nurses to become advanced practice nurses. innovative practice roles in nursing include the nurse practitioner (NP), conscious registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), certified nurse accoucheuse (CNM), and the clinical nurse specialist (CNS). Nurse anesthetist programs may use the title Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice (DNAP) for their terminal degree (Dracup, 2005).According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), transitioning advance practice nursing programs from the graduate level to the doctoral level is a response to changes in health care auction pitch and emerging health care collects, additional knowledge or content areas have been identified by practicing nurses. In addition, the knowledge unavoidable to provide lead in the discipline of nursing is so complex and rapidly changing that additional or doctoral level education is unavoidable (Dracup, 2005).At the moment only fewer Saudi nurses had live of science, masters or doctoral degree, but the government start to addition and expand. A lot of nursing continue lead degree will be graduated at bottom few yea rs to assume leadership position in the health field. The kingdom has a great carry for well educated Saudi nurses (Tumulty, 2001).However, in recent years, questions have been elevated about whether nursing is a profession or an course. This is important for nurses to consider for several reasons, starting from differentiating the terms profession and occupation, professional and vocational nurse. An occupation is a job or a career, whereas a profession is a learned occupation that has a status of superiority and precedence within a division of work. In general terms, occupations require widely varying levels of training or education, varying levels of skill, and widely variable defined knowledge bases. Indeed, all professions are occupations, but not all occupation is profession (McEwen ,2007).Therefore based on nursing as an occupation, a professional nurse is a healthcare professional who, in collaboration with early(a) member of a healthcare team, is responsible for treatm ent, harmlessty and recovery of piercing or chronically ill individuals health promotion, and maintenance within families, communities and population and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of healthcare settings (Craven, 2009).Current shortfall in workforce and educationalThe number of nurses shortly in the workforce based on their educational preparation those with undergraduate education (diploma, associate, baccalaureate degrees) and those with graduate education (masters and doctoral degrees) (Health Resources and Services Administration. a lot higher number of nurses alert at the diploma/associate degree level compared to all other categories and the relatively small number of nurses prepared with graduate degrees. The limited number of nurses prepared with graduate degrees presents a significant problem for educating future nurses and furthering effective nursing practice masters-prepared clinicians are undeniable to teach and provide primary care, and doctoral requireiness are needed to teach and conduct research. Without an adequate number of nurses prepared at the graduate level, we will be otiose to educate enough nurses to meet the demands for care at all levels in the near future. Experts predict we will experience a nurse shortage of whateverwhere from 340,000 to more than 1 million by 2020 shortages will occur in hospitals, in nursing homes, in home health care, and community health c bows (HRSA, 2010).Nurse shortage projections are based on the increase in anticipated demand for health care demands that are projected to increase dramatically due to our aging population and higher numbers of insured patients with access to care as a result of a reformed health care system (Wharton School, 2009). The fate of the population 65 years or older steady increases as the baby boomer generation approaches age 65 by 2030, 20% of the population will be above the age of 65, around doubling the current rate of 12% (Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2008). Simultaneously, the demand for health services will increase as previously uninsured people gain access to health care insurance. Massachusetts, which recently increase the percentage of the insured population to 90%, has experienced significant primary care shortages (Cooney, 2008). As the population ages and health care resources become more strained, the focus and location of care delivery will need to change from acute care provided in hospitals to primary care, which includes disorder management, care coordination, and prevention of disease delivered in community settings, in clinics, ambulatory care centers, and in the patients home. In the future, we will need many more advanced practice nurses (nurse practitioners, nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and clinical specialists) to assume a greater responsibility for the delivery of health care IOM, 2008).Need for Education in nursing, Masters, Baccalaureate, and DoctoralTo foundation strategies that lead to an adequate nurse workforce, we first need to examine how nurses enter the workforce. The nursing profession is unique in its complicated mix of educational models, which is not only confusing to the public, legislators, nurses, and potential nursing students but besides contributes to a lack of professional unity and professional recognition. As a result, nurses are fragmented in their interests and do not have the political clout of other professions when advocating for patients or better working conditions.The recognition of the need for baccalaureate nurse education is not new. In 1920, the Goldmark Report, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, proposed educating nurses in academic institutions along with other professionals, arguing that this would more adequately prepare nurses to meet the needs of society and improve the status of the nursing profession (Ellis Hartley, 2004). At that time, nurses were being educated in hospital-based diploma schools that continued to be the major provider of nursing education until associate degree programs began in the 1950s. Associate degree nursing education was proposed as a resolving power to a severe nursing shortage (Fondiller, 2001). In 2004, the American brass of Nurse Executives (2004) argued for baccalaureate-level educational preparation for all future nurses. Furthermore, the baccalaureate degree was needed for nurses to function as an equal partner in patient care. Most recently, the Carnegie Foundation survey, Educating Nurses A Call for Radical Transformation, called for significant changes in nursing education with the establishment of the baccalaureate degree for entry into professional nursing practice being a necessary first step. The report falls short however in recommending more of the same, by calling for the creation of a more seamless transition from ADN to BSN programs (Benner, Sutphen, Leonard, Day, 2010).A large(p) amount of empirical demo exists to support a difference in functioning and patient outcomes (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, Silber, 2003 Estabrooks, Midodzi, Cummings, Ricker, Giovannetti, 2005 Kutney-Lee Aiken, 2008). In 1988, Johnson publish a meta-analysis of 139 studies exploring the differences in associate and baccalaureate performance. These studies revealed significant differences between associated degree in nursing (ADN) and bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) nurses, with baccalaureate-prepared nurses demonstrating greater professional performance in the areas of communications skills, knowledge, problem solving, and professional role. In 2001, Goode and colleagues surveyed 80 chief nursing officers from academic medical centers to determine their perception of differences in nurse performance based on education level. Respondents reported that baccalaureate-prepared nurses demonstrate greater communication, coordination, and leadership skills more professional behavior and a greater focus on patient psychosocial care and patient t eaching than associate-prepared nurses (Goode et al., 2001).Although estimates vary on the need for more health care providers in the future, there is agreement that a shortage of primary care providers shortly exists in rural and other underserved areas (Kirch Vernon, 2008) and severe future shortages predicted in community health centers (National Association of society Health Centers, Robert Graham Center, The George Washington University, 2008) and in the countrys more than 6,080 designated primary care shortage areas in the United States (HRSA, 2006).A major contributing mover to the current and future nurse shortage is the lack of nursing strength available to educate nurses. The student demand for nursing education is currently at an all-time high, but a faculty shortage has created a severe bottleneck in nurse education, leaving nursing schools unable to meet the demands for education. An estimated 50,000 qualified applicants were turned away from baccalaureate nursing programs in 2008, primarily due to faculty shortages. Of the 84% of U.S. nursing schools in 2006-2007 attempting to film new faculty, 79% reported difficultly in recruitment due to a lack of qualified candidates and the in readiness to offer competitive salaries (AACN, 2010). In their 2007 one-year survey of colleges of nursing, the National League for Nursing (NLN) reported 1,900 unfilled faculty positions nationwide, an increase of 23% from the previous year in the number of full-time faculty vacancies and a disturbing trend in the shortage turn (Kaufman, 2007). An estimated 25,100 nurses have doctoral degrees, and their numbers are not increasing at the rate needed to meet demand. From 2003 done 2008, the number of nursing PhD graduates increased on average by about 31 new graduates each year. Disappointingly, enrollment in PhD nursing programs increased by only 0.1% or 3 students from the fall of 2007 to the fall of 2008 with the total doctoral student population in 2008 rea ching 3,976 (AACN, 2010).Although academic education and professional qualification are but one aspect of clinical competence (the others being clinical skills and professionals attitudes), the change of nurse teaching from work-based apprenticeship to academic education and the parallel information of increasingly specialized nursing roles 58,59) contribute to an alteration of what is considered to be necessary qualifications among nursing staff. This may cause additional strain on the straightforward equalizer of clinically oriented staff who lack formal (nursing) qualifications. We believe the importance of the present study lies in the focus it has on working conditions of sub professionals in acute psychiatry. As we have argued above, there is an increasing and probably worldwide lack of nursing staff in the health services and increased use of health care assistants is reported e.g.30. Although the evidence on a general level suggests that more use of less qualified staff w ill not be effective in all situations 60, due to what is said above it is increasingly important to recruit, stay on and qualify also sub professionals, and a condition for this is the timbre of their working environments.The important sourses of professional directionNursing Social policy command (ANA), is an important document it describes the profession of nursing and its professional framework and tasks to society, the act nursing scope and standards of practice is also important has been developed by the (ANA), nursing standards which are authoritative by the profession by the profession wich the bore of practiced, service, or education can be evaluated timbre patient care. The third code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements, this code is alist of provisions that makes uttered the primary goals, Values .fourth state boards of nursing one of the important sources of professional direction . A professional nurse is accountable for embracing professional values , maintaining professional values, maintaining competence, and maintenance and improvement of professional practice environments, also nurses is accountable for the outcomes of the nursing care.Increasd knowledge of germs and diseases, and increasd training of doctors, nurses needed to understand basic anatomy, parhophysiology, physiology, and epidemiology to provide better care. To carry out adoctors orders, and must have some degree of understanding of cause and effect of environment .Quality of CareThe quality of care can be more precisely described as seeking to achieve excellent standards of care. It includes assessing the set asideness of medical tests and treatments and measures to improve personal health care consistently in all areas of medicine. Nurses professional enculturation is recognized as an essential process of learning skills, attitudes and behaviors necessary to implement professional roles are also involved in evaluating and modifying the overall quality of ca re given to groups of clients. One of the essential parts of professional responsibility, nurses and all other health care providers work together as an interdisciplinary team concentrate on improving client care (Kozier, 2008).A divergence between demand and supply that is evidenced in stingy nurse staffing with significant implications for patient quality is what Nursing profession faces continuously. more believe this shortage of registered nurses is entrenched in long-standing problems related to the value and contrive of nursing and the limited role nursing has had in identifying priorities within health care delivery systems (AACN, 2010).Many institute graduates are relegated to functioning at a level barely above a nurse aide. Thus, the already scarce Saudi nurses are disadvantaged and underutilized. Saudi Arabia is increasing its proportion of indigenous nurses who will be able to deliver culturally appropriate high quality care (Aldossary, 2008).The author predicted shor tfall of qualified nursing staff in both low and high-income countries. Restructured health care systems and social values has made lack of nursing personnel which concern for health care administrators, politicians and the nursing professions. The shortage in health care workers growing and has become an international challenge (Sorgaard,2010).One of the central professional self regulation is the ability to maintain and control a professional register. To this end self regulating professions, like nursing, have been responsible for controlling their register which is done through the setting of the standards to be achieved before entry is come-at-able . In addition, the professions also have responsibility for the removal of practitioners who are considered risky to operation (Unsworth, 2010).Outlines how quality of nursing care and beloved constituent are fundamental to practise as a nurse or midwife and how the overriding concern relates to safe practise and protection of t he public. As such, intelligent health is not to be interpreted as the absence of a particular condition or disease but rather that the individual is capable of safe and effective practise without oversight. The guidance also defines keen character as relating to the persons conduct, behavior and attitude, as well as any convictions or cautions that are not considered compatible with professional registration and that faculty bring the profession into disrepute. (CHRE (2009) have recently freshen uped the quality of care requirements of the all of the health profession regulators and they have recommended that the term good in tattle quality of care should be amended within the legislation to go out that this is not used by other bodies as a bar to entry into the professions. CHRE reaffirm the view held by the regulators that considerations about health are restricted to whether the individuals health, with any necessary reasonable adjustments, would impair their fitness to p ractise. The caprice of good character is based upon the requirement under the Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2008c) for nurses and midwives to be honest and trustworthy. For an individual to satisfy the good quality of nursing care character requirements, they must be capable of safe and effective practise without supervision. This is, therefore, the threshold set by the regulator for any action which may be taken against an individual student in terms of their conduct. If the students attitude, behavior, conduct (including convictions) or quality of care calls into question their ability to satisfy the requirements of the quality of care and good character then action may be required to investigate the allegations and to make a ratiocination about whether the nurses would be capable of safe and effective practise without supervision at some future point. The notion of good character has also been open to criticism not least because of difficulties in defining how a good cha racter is measured (Sellman, 2007) and because the concept of being of good character is not transferable to potential registrants from within the European Union (CHRE, 2008a,b). The Nursing and Midwifery Council ( NMC) have produced a definition of impaired fitness to practise which relates to the suitability of the individual to remain on the professional register without restriction, if at all (NMC, 2004).Aim / ObjectiveTo show the impact of professional nurses and nursing education that affect the quality of care for the patients.IV. MethodLiterature review is considered a baseline tool that precedes the actual qualitative or quantitative research. In order to have a research, the researcher needs to read the related articles that have researched the topic.Data base researchInclusive criteria nursing articles, articles published after 2000, English language studies, primary sourcesExclusion criteria articles published before 2000, secondary sourcesPubmedMesh termsProfessional, and Non-Professional Nurses, Occupation, Profession, Quality of Care number of hitsThe first hits 43. 17 cons were read and 17 articles were chosen.The second hits 273. 23 abstract were read and 26 articles were chosen.Total search publication articles were chosen and read completely is (43) that will be used by the author in literature review.19 of the chosen articles the authors will use in the results.V. Research ethical motiveThe authors should consider the research ethics in all processes and follow the Codes and Policies of research ethics including Honesty in all scientific communications, report data, results, methods, procedures, and also the publication status. Competency, to maintain and improve our own professional competence through lifelong education and learning. Objectivity, disclose personal interests that may affect research. obedience for intellectual property, no plagiarism done by the authors (Resnik, 2010).The authors foundation from the article was clear and the researchers displayed respect for human dignity. The author did the job for searching by honest and professional way, without hidden or disappear any good or truth result (Polit Beck, 2008).VI. RelevanceThe author conveyed the information through this research to increase awareness for the staff nurses about knowing the impact of professional nurses and the levels of nursing education in the quality of care for the patients. train of nursing education acquired by a nurse has significant implications for patients quality of care and safety.

Motivation of Employees in an Organisation

pauperization of Employees in an OrganisationINTRODUCTIONMotivation is the force that drives humans to dally hard towards achieving either their personal or organizational goals giving our outflank performance at work is not just a extend of ability muchover experience , reward and most heavy(p)ly penury, characteristics that atomic number 18 required in order to achieve anything in life. To spark off direction to inspire, instigate and encourage a person to do their best in an organization although Bruce and Pepitone (1998) maintain that motif is inbuilt therefore heap leave behind moreover do that which is in their own interest and managers ordurenot influence their employees but can hardly influence what they argon motivated to do. Gallager et al. (1997) also conjure that human beings atomic number 18 purposeful and continually select goals that atomic number 18 important to us and find ways to achieve them.When an employee joins an organization, he/she comes with certain call for that vary from employee to employee and affect his/her performance. Some of these charters ar physiological other(a)s be striked to psychological and social values. (Robins 200044) is of the opinion that An un at rest render creates tension, which stimulates drives in spite of appearance the private. These drives generate a search for particular goals that, if attained, go forth satisfy the imply and lead to reduction of tension. He further states that an employee will pack in activities according to the level of tension, the more tension an employee develops the more activities he will indulge in. So it then implies that an employee who is highly motivated will indulge in more work. For a manager or leader in an organization, it might be rattling operose to learn efficaciously how to motivate apiece employee as the method used to motivate each employee must be specific to the individualistic. Motivated employees are of great greatness wit hin an organization they propel the organization forward by positively influencing the work atmosphere and attitude, customer orientation and company attitude.There are various reasons why employees drive to be motivated or are motivated, it could possibly be just for self derived satisfaction that comes with no apparent reward other than the activity itself or just to draw a bead on rewarded or to avoid punishment in addition to attaining a certain level of achievement, Harrison 2007 suggest that some employees may seem spurred on by the need to win while others might be encouraged by the luck to learn something different or new. Certain individuals work harder than others emergenceing in individuals of lesser ability performing better than their gifted counterparts this implies that an individuals performance depends not only on ability but on pauperization as well. Kressler (2003) believes that want is not only relative but depends heavily on individual circumstances as one goal might be withal high for one employee another might see it as alike low even though they are both capable of achieving it whereas Maddock and Fulton (1998) are of the opinion that motivation rarely or does not vary with individual differences or circumstances. Various theories entertain been developed over times that guess to explain the diverse reasons for motivation these theories sop up three staple fiber groups (Naylor, 2004). theme ONE CONTENT THEORIESThe essence theories explain the internal factors that drive a human being and what directs human demeanor. The most famous of this category is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs physiological, safety, affection, esteem and self-actualization. Maslow (1987) points out that human beings are wanting animals and rarely reach a state of complete satisfaction. Simons,Irwin and Drinnien(1987) say Maslow describes the five levels of basic needs of humans in hierarchical order and beyond these needs, higher(prenominal) lev els of needs exist although a person does not thumb the need to satisfy the next one until the present demand has been met. Montana and Charnov (2000) feel that Maslow didnt mean to imply that any of these basic needs would be agreeable totally and that a small level of satisfaction of any need is enough for the individual to move on to the next. Alderfers speculation is a matt version of Maslows five hierarchy of needs which suggests just three levels creative activity needs which relate to physiological and security needs of Maslow, relatedness needs which is about linked to Maslows social, self esteem and safety needs, and proceeds needs which relate to self esteem and self actualization, he further argues that the more that growth needs are satisfied , the more they might increase in intensity, in addition to that he says two needs can be activated at the same time. Gallagher et al. (1997)And there is Frederick Herzbergs Two-Factor guess that says there are two different factors that affect motivation at work hygiene factors and motivator factors (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman 1959). Herzberg (1968) developed this theory with people at work as his main concern saying that the hygiene factors (adequate pay, comfortable office, clean and cool it working conditions) if not gotten right by managers will force people to complain thereby leading to demotivation and there will be no complain if they are gotten right.Another content theory is that which was developed by McClelland (1973) who is of the opinion that drive and need are two terms for a motivational process and one cannot be preferred to the other. The McClellands Acquired Needs Theory identifies the fact that every human has a different list of precedency when it comes to needs and individuals are not born with these needs but amaze them through experience, he associates each need with a distinct coiffe of work preferences, and managers can help tailor the working environment to repres ent these needs.GROUP TWO PROCESS THEORIESProcess theories link several factors that make up motivation and are much more complex than the content theories because of the diverse perspectives involved. There are four main approaches based on cheat characteristics, presentiment, equity and goal- setting.The goal setting theory says that setting goals can be a major source of motivation to employees. Robbins (2000) adds that goals that are difficult to achieve bring about a higher level of result than goals that require little or no effort. Armstrong and Stephens (2005) suggest that feedback is a very important part of the process in order to maintain motivation and especially towards achieving even higher goals. The equity theory by Adams (1965) suggests that when people are treated equally, there will be more motivation to perform better in a workplace. This theory is mainly concerned with how people are treated in relation to other people.The expectancy theory (Mitchell, 1982) i s one of the few theories of work motivation that focus on values. The theory implies that people are more likely to choose a course of action that maximizes their utilities and is rather situation specific and not domain-specific (Erez and Earley, 1993).The job characteristics model developed by Hackman and Oldham is built on earlier look between job characteristics and the response of individuals to their work, stating that this theory consists of five job characteristics which are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback (Hollyforde Whiddett, 2002). (Hackman, Lawler, Porter, 1983) are of the opinion that these job characteristics create three critical psychological states which lead to a number of serious personal and work outcomes.GROUP THREE REINFORCEMENT THEORIESThis is a theory based on the argument that behavior is influenced by the consequences of previous actions it assumes that a person has been motivated to take a particular action and is only concerned with the response generated (Hollyforde Whiddett, 2002).There are four types of reinforcement depending on the employees behavior positive reinforcement resulting from satisfying consequences, this action can increase the hazard that the behavior will be repeated avoidance reinforcement which is the remotion of undesirable consequences punishment- where undesirable consequences can be taken away for example, the remotion of privileges an employee has and finally, extinction which is the removal of rewards (Naylor, 2004).Employee motivation techniques vary from organization to organization. However, they all have the same goal, getting employees to want to do their job better and more efficiently. Not every motivational technique, management practice or advantage works for every company as there are no particular set of rules and every employee has a different need from the other (Messmer, 2001). Through effective employee motivation techniques a company can get much better performance out of their employees. One technique to motivate employees that works really well is the employee of the month. This highlights a single individual who has shown outstanding drive, performance and effort for the given month. It is usually good to have an awards eucharist or to give out this award at management meeting. This fair technique will definitely motivate employees.Other effective employee motivation techniques include competitions between teams in order to get projects completed faster, awards for everlasting(a) attendance, and awards for jobs well done. It has been said by (Thomas, 2004) that a manager must have a clear picture of what motivates himself in order to understand what motivates others. (Armstrong Stephens, 2005) plead that there is no research evidence showing that there exists a strong and positive relationship between job satisfaction and performance, as a satisfied employee is not necessarily a high performing artist and a hig h performer is not necessarily a satisfied worker.REFERENCESAdams, J. (1965). Social Exchange, in Advances in Experimental Psycology. new york academic press.Armstrong, M., Stephens, T. (2005). A Handbook of Employee Reward Management and Practices. Kogan page Limited.Bruce, A., Pepitone, J. S. (1998). prompt Employees. McGraw hill.Gallagher, K., Ed, R., McClelland, B., Reynolds, J., Tombs, S. (1997). People in Organisations An active learning Approach. oxford Blackwell publishers Ltd.Hackman, R. j., Lawler, E. E., Porter, L. W. (1983). Perspectives on Behavior in Organisations. McGraw-Hill,Inc.Harrison, R. (1997). Employee Development. wiltshire cromwell press.Herzberg, F. (1968, july 11). One more than Time How To Nurture Motivation. pp. 52-53.Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snydermaan, B. (1959). The Motivation To Work. new york Wiley.Hollyforde, s., Whiddett, S. (2002). Developing practice The motivation handbook. wiltshire cromwell press.Kressler, H. (2003). Motivate and Rew ard Performance Appraisal and Incentive Systems for Business Success. Palgrave Macmillan.Maddock, R. C., Fulton, R. L. (1998). Motivation,Emotions and lead The silent side of management. Greenwood publishing Group.Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and Personality . Harper and line publishers Inc.McClelland, D. s., Steele, R. S. (1973). Human Motivation A book of Readings. Morristown General learning press.Messmer, M. (2001). Motivating Employees for Dummies. Wiley publishing.Miriam, E. (1993). culture, self identity and work. oxford oxford university press.Mitchell, T. R. (1982). Motivation New Directions for Theory Research and Practice. honorary society of managment , 80-88.Montana, P. J., Charnov, B. H. (2000). Management. Hauppage Barrons Educational Series, Inc.Naylor, J. (2004). Management. prentice hall.Robbins, S. P. (2000). Essentials of Organisational Behavior. Prentice Hall.Simons, J. A., Irwin, D. B., Drinnien, B. A. (1987). Maslows Heirachy of Needs from Psycology The search for understanding. New york due west Publishing company.Thomas, N. (2004). Concise Adair on Teambuilding and Motivation. Thorogood.

Analysis of Albanias Tax System

Analysis of Albanias Tax SystemINTRODUCTIONevery one burn down make the question why do we accommodate assesses?.Practic wholey we can say , that one democratic state can non exist without taskes, even if he does not ope run just with appraisees.Taxes and taxability be a necessity. The standard of living of a modern society demands it governments must(prenominal) collect the revenues in order to provide the goods and serve that their citizens need, want and demand.The genius sources of Albanian tax legislation atomic number 18 the Constitution, various laws and decrees. The sevens is the top taxing authority in Albania, while the Minis analyse of Finance is the executive branch, liable for administration of the laws.There is an important struggle between tax and taxability in Albania.Taxability is an obligated and irreversible payment in state budget which entangle administrative charges and penalties for the delays provided by law. They ar obligated payments of dif ferent contri justors partd for habitual public services, in that way state can accomplish his responsibleness. era tax is an obligated contribute to pay from one person who sugar directly from public services. They ar a type of compensation for circumscribed public services accomplished from state in advantage of citizen. Taxes ar mostly resource of locale organs entries of state, city halls, communes . Taxes for public services which we pay for has the element of volition, wich can not happen in no case with taxability. In financial point of view the taxes role is little(a) than taxability ,so the role and the importance of taxes in confronting expenses for the public services is more(prenominal) sore in the local budget than in the national budget.The fol slumping calculate aims to treat with no details the types of taxes and taxability in the Republic of Albania,their importance and warp in the frugality.Often the countrys financial authorities have been propagatin g that tax takes in Albania are among the lowest in the region so in an different component we testament stick to the comparative comp end up of tax warhead. We will try to compare it with Macedonia and Greece.This article is structured as follows First, we will briefly round the types of taxes and taxabilities in Albania. Second we will try to analyse and compare their importances in economy of our country with Macedonia and Greece. Finally, chapter four provides a summary and the conclusions on the issues treated.OVERVIEW ON taxation SYSTEM IN ALBANIAIn the following section we will briefly review the classification of taxability and taxes in Albania.11 This section is ground mainly on a summary of tax system in Albania presented by Financat (2006).2.1 Taxes2.1.1 National TaxesNational Taxes cover 23% of the income that the state recieves from the taxes system,that is why they are considered very important to the Governments budget.Among the main national taxes,we can ref erence work Road Traffic Tax,Higher Education Tax and Registration fee for poker Games, Casinos, for sport competitions taking place at the racetrack.Road Traffix Taxes include taxes imposed by the Government for the give of imported vehicles , also the old ones,for the fuel expending etc.The universities and early(a) Academies are charged with the collection of Higher Education Tax.These taxes are change not later than 30 days from the official date of the setoff of the school year, in any academic year.While the tax on adaption of gambling, casinos for sportive races held in hippodromes is payable only once at the root of such activities and their registration.2.1.2 Local TaxesAmong the main local taxes,we can mention taxes for the reserve of public spaces,taxes on real estate, local taxes on small businesses etc.The taxes on real estate include taxes on buildings, taxes of the lands use and also taxes on the agricultural lands.These taxes are calculated as an annual arr angement of taxpayers from January the 1st- declination 31st of the following year.If the rateable berth is created,alienates or dissapears within this period,the obligation of taxpayers is calculated proportionally with the period of the property rights.To facilitate the implementation of this tax ,the bill, compiled in 20/04/2010 by the Government,where it was set apart a tax in the measure of 10% of the lands valuate for all those who have the right to use the states land,but have not yet privatized this land.This bill,more than a policy in the tax system, is employ for the privatization of the land in use,because the legalization is a current fuss in the country.2.2 Taxability2.2.1 Direct taxationIt includes direct taxation on bussines and personal income tax Direct taxation on bussines which is also k straight offn as flat tax regime feeds economical growth by promoting the times of the capital and attracting the orthogonal investments, thitherfrom increasing capacity through investment in the economy,aiming for a more efficient tax administration,provides an increase of the revenue in budget.While on the other hand this regime reckons the emphasis on fond inequality through the displacement of attention by facilitating fiscal burden on individuals,particularly those with low and medium income,to the ease of the fiscal burden on profitable subjects. Personal income tax is calculated on the income of the individuals.It applies to any income of any form, from any source, realized by any individual tax-object based on the law.Indirect taxationIt includes Value added tax (VAT) and Excizes Value added tax (VAT) is paying for all supplies of taxable goods and services rendered by the payment of a taxable person as part of its economical activity in the district of the Albanian Republic and for all imports of goods in Albania.The Value added tax in the country, applies at 20 % . Excizes represents taxes with high level evaluate on the consumption o f a certain category of goods. Usually excizes apply to harmful products for health, goods that affect environment pollution and luxury goods.Excise tax in Albania is refundable for this itemspropellant oils used by producers of electricity resources with a power of 5 MW or more for each energetic resourcepropellant used for agricultural purposes, for industrial and agro-industrial production.COMPARING ALBANIAN TAX SYSTEM WITH OTHER COUNTRIES OF REGION3.1 Greece taxationThe principal taxes of Helen state are corporate tax, personal income tax, apprize added tax (VAT),excise commerce and property tax.As in Albania the prime taxing authority in Greece is The Parliament , while the executive branch responsible for administration of the laws is the Ministry of Finance.Unfortunately,revenue collected from taxes in Albania based on Gjokutaj(2007) are not yet at the desired level, as the structure and organic law of the economy or business in our country is not very comfortable. Facto rs like disuse of the banking system in economic transaction, arbitrariness and bureaucracy lead to the development of corruption, causing a want in government revenue , that must be gained from taxes and thus induce a reduction of the effectiveness of Tax Administration. Some of these problems are present also in Greece.For example fit in to Yannopoulos(2003,p 4) during 2002 hundreds of businesses in Greece whose mend activity was to practice or abet some form of taxes histrion .Some did nothing but issue and sell false invoices for imaginary services,which companies could use to keep down their paper profits others made fraudulent demands for the reimbursement of VAT.While now as we know the crisis that Greece is experiencing ,come as a result of tax evasion by all citizien. As shown by Goro(2010) this caused the increase of budget deficit of Greece, which captures the value of 12.7%. The Greek government has undertaken different policy from the region as increasing taxes t o increase its income, this could exceed the crisis in which is included.But these decisions has caused discontent and protest for raft and bussines.Referring to Taxrates(2010),minifin (2010) and as shown by Table 2 we can say that in Albania VAT is 20% unless cases when it is specified in this law, while in Greece for all the goods not belong to any special category the VAT is 23%.As we can see it is higher than in Albania.Personal income tax in Greece has the value equal to 15 % and the Corporate tax is equal to 25%, but in our country both of those taxes are knowed as FLAT TAX and the value of this tax is 10%,which is clearly lower than in Greece. fit to Taxrates (2010) and to Xhepa(2000) ,Excise duty is roundet to the same value in both countries but in Greece, is expected this tax to be increased, until 10%, for some items(like alcohol,tobaccoetc). Greek exports to EU countries are tariff-free. Imports from non-EU countries are subject to the EUs common tailor-mades tariff. Most birthday suit materials enter duty-free, while manufactured goods have rates between 5% and 7%. Textiles, electronics, and some food products have higher rates. Motor vehicles, yachts, and motorcycles are subject to special duties.While Albania applies customs duty for machinery and equipment and other capital goods at 5%(minimum because there are aother categories of goods, which are raw materials that have tariffs of 10%). Greece does not impose withholding tax on corporate dividends paid to foreign investors. It does impose withholding tax on interest and royalties. The rate of tax may be affected by income tax treaties.In Albania earnings, that economic entity realizes are taxed in the number of 30 percent. While dividends, interest and other types of earnings pay a withholding tax to the extent 10 % for residents and 15 % for non-residents.Finally according to the analyses above we can say that compared with Albania, Greece rattling applies higher tax rates than Albani a.But both countries have similarities.The structure and organization of the economy or business for the moment is not very favorable in Albania as well as in Greece.It has caused a loss in government revenue , that must be gained from taxes and thus bring a reduction of the effectiveness of Tax Administration,whose consequence is the crisis caused by tax evasion in Greece.3.2 Macedonia TaxationThe most principals taxes employ in Macedonia are flat tax (corporate tax and personal income tax),value added tax (VAT),excise duty and property tax.As we can see taxes in Macedonia are similar with taxes in Albania.Referring to Xhepa (2000 pp 7-9) ,minifin (2010) and as shown by Table 1 we can see that Vat value in Albania is equal to 20% and in Macedonia it is at 18%. So in Albania its noted a higer level of VAT than in Macedonia.About flatcar tax in both countries it is noted a trend to put down the level of this tax. Macedonia applies this tax with a value of 12%, and in our country it is applied with a value of 10 %.This value puts our contry in the range of states with the lowest value of this tax in the region. Always according to Xhepa (2000 pp 7-9) and minifin (2010) we can see that Albania applies customs duty for machinery and equipment and other capital goods at 5%(minimum because several categories of goods, which are raw materials have tariffs of 10%).While foreign companies that wish to operate in Macedonia (for a period of at least(prenominal) five historic period), exempt from customs duties on machinery and equipment (capital goods) imported, which are part of the investment.(Level of custom duties ranges from 0 percent to 60 %).So we can reach the conclusion that Albania applies a standard rate ,while in Macedonia even though facilities the custom duty rate is higher than in Albania.In Albania earnings, that economic entity realizes are taxed in the amount of 30 percent. While dividends, interest and other types of earnings pay a withholding tax to the extent 10 % for residents and 15 % for non-residents.In Macedonia this tax is applied to the extent of 23 %. While referring to Xhepa(2000) labor costs rise by about 42 percent for payments made on social credential and health,while in Macedonia it is a total of 30%.At the end of these comparisons, we can reach the conclusions that there are taxes in which Albania applies lower rates than Macedonia as well as there are taxes wich are at a higher rate.But what is important to emphasize is that both countries follow the policy of low level taxes to attract investitors from other countries and to protect the bussines.CONCLUSIONSAt the end of this analysis we can draw the following conclusions First,revenue collected from taxes in Albania are not yet at the desired level, as the structure and organization of the economy or business in our country is not very favorable,but Greece is also facing the same problems that even lead to the crises that it is experiencing recently,which Albania succesfully went through some years ago.While compared with Macedonia we can conclude that both countries follow the policy of low level taxes to attract investitors from other countries and to protect the bussines.Another conclusion that we reached at the end of this paper is that Albania,as well as Macedonia and Greece apply the same principal taxes,but the difference is that they have different tax rates.For the same taxes ,Greece applies higher tax rates than Albania,while comparing with Macedonia there are taxes in which Albania applies lower rates than Macedonia ,but there are also taxes in our country which are at a higher rate.

Saudi Arabia and the UK: Cultural Differences

Saudi Arabia and the UK heathen DifferencesCultural DifferencesThe Variance of the countries and peoples is the culture of custom and traditions, and e very(prenominal) country has its particular culture, whether if it is in the East or West. A culture of community is meant by patterns of social behaviour such as customs, call ups, literature, arts, history , heritage, language, dress and everything relates to that sort. These cultural elements argon combined to form a society characterized by finicky type to signify it from the rest of an separate(prenominal) communities. Not only that, but as swell, the culture of the community is thought of its members and unflinching its orientation.Unfortunately, only few people understand and appreciate cultural differences of early(a) countries. In fact, they are unaware of the differences until they face the reality of a tot different society, then they suffer from the inconvenience and conflicts of such customary habits.For throw out understanding, I will discuss in the following paragraphs cultural similarities and differences mingled with Saudi Arabia and United Kingdom.The main similarity between the deuce countries, they are both soils, however UK is headed by a queen (Elizabeth the second) firearm kingdom of Saudi Arabia headed by king Abdullah. UK has an elected prime minister ,who is coil the country, while Saudi Arabia the king himself is the also prime minister and peal the country.Further more, at that place is an education similarity in teaching science, math and physics, while difference costs in the education system, where in UK is divided into twain systems breeding and home education, Home education has always been common among the countrys elite. The Royal Family pose all in the past been educated at home, including the current Queen, though more recently royalty take a shit attended various state-supported initiates (anon 2008). Since this system is common in the past years, and even today, umpteen parents would standardized to teach their children at home, as that kind of education does not exist in Saudi Arabia. Another educational difference between the two countries is clear in education system. Where as in UK males and females attend school together while in Saudi Arabia males and females attend completely illogical schools.In terms of jobs, most of Saudi women prefer to be housewives and to devise children rather than working , because family gathering and interdependence of family in the Eastern societies is very important Of the communities. On the contrary.UK women do not give accord antecedence to marriage and having children. Women in the UK are equal to men in consumption and jobs, where is the state encourages female employment, and there are several researches in this regard, as mentioned in Turgoose and Hall research . The vast majority of the women intend to plus their participation in work and some of them would like to increase th e hours of work, in addition non working women would like to join the labour market. ( Turgoose and et al., 2006).Some countries take in different religion that distinguishes them from other countries. Religion of Islam is the official Saudi Arabia , and is owed by all the people of Saudi Arabia , while the official religion in the United Kingdom is Christianity, but not all the people believe in god. Recent study Crabtree (2007) showed that about 72% were Christian, and 66% of the existence has no actual connection to any religion or church. And in the last quarter of a century, half of all Christians stopped firing to church. At the same time, there are some similarities between the two countries, where both allow the existence of other religions through the living outside the country, in Saudi Arabia there are a lot of Indians, and western sandwich people, as same in the UK there is many foreign nationalities and allows them to achieve their religious rites freely.For religio n, every religion has its special celebrations. Muslims in Saudi Arabia have special occasions such as Ramadan, Hajj and Eid. As for UK people, there many occasions to celebrate, such as Charismas, new-year day, Easter, Labor Day, and so on. every(prenominal) occasion has its own special food that distinct it from rest of the events. In Saudi Arabia, Ramadan has a distinctive cuisine, such as kabsah, sambosa and other special food. In UK, Christmas and new year day are famous for bomb calorimeter dinners, Easter characterized by its eggs.Another common difference, Transport in the UK has more advanced than Saudi Arabia, where they are using buses, trains and underground add to cars and vehicles. However, in Saudi Arabia cars is the only means of mobility and there are few buses, also there is only one Train station linking the capital capital of Saudi Arabia with Dammam city. But there are advanced studies on the establishment of many of the trains in the future, which is a joint p roject for construction of a railroad track link between Jeddah and Makkah and Madinah called The Haramain High-speed Railway (HHR), as it mentioned in the word (2009).In conclusion, it is clear that multiplicity of similarity between the two countries cultural aspects, there are some differences .It is noted that the culture of people in any country varies from one to another, and it is related to history, climate, religion, and some other un-seen factors. Cultural differences between countries exist, but due to usage of the new technology and with globalization and the spread new media tools, we will learn a lot of other countrys culture even if we are unable to visit it. Fast and lucky transportation and modern technology facilitate people contacts which spread well under standing for other people cultures. By doing so, minor differences fashion smaller with time.Being open minded, and neglecting minor cultural differences, will tot up different people together, which may re sult in spreading stay and more understanding between people of same planet EARTH.Referencesanon (2008) A short history of Home education online. home-education. Available from http//www.home-education.org.uk/article-history-of-he.htm Accessed 22 direful, 2009Anon (2009) Haramain High-speed Railway Saudi Arabia Architecture online .e-architect . Available from http//www.e-architect.co.uk/saudi_arabia/haramain_high_speed_railway_stations.htm Accessed 24 August, 2009Crabtree, V. (2007) Religion in the United Kingdom Diversity, Trends and Decline online.vexen. Available from http//www.vexen.co.uk/UK/religion.html Accessed 24 August, 2009Turgoose, C. Hall, L. (2006) Encouraging an increase in the employment of women returners in areas of skill paucity in traditionally male industries online University of Sheffield. Available from http//www.berr.gov.uk/files/file28572.pdf Accessed 23 August, 2009BibliographyHofstede, G. (2008) Cultural Differences in Teaching and Learning online . F UHU conference on Education and Training in the Multicultural Classroom Copenhagen. Available from http//fuhu.dk/filer/FBE/Arrangementer/Denmark%20Unlimited%20080508/FBE_geert_hofstede_teaching_learning.pdf Accessed 21 August, 2009Vaara, E. (2000). Constructions of Cultural Differences in Post Merger Change ProcessesA Sensemaking Perspective on Finnish-Swedish slipperiness online Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration. Available from http//www.management-aims.com/PapersMgmt/33Vaara.pdf Accessed 20 August 2009

How Firewalls Mitigate Attacks

How Firew completelys Mitigate Attacks net profit certification is the process by which digital entropy assets ar saved. If the interlocking auspices is compromise, severe consequences could occur such as loss of confidential intimacy 6. To comfort the ne twainrks the goal of warranter should be maintain integrity, shelter confidentiality and fancy availability 5. To begin the entanglement protection measures process, you subscribe to to early set up security polity and assenting rules. This policy mustiness identify clear the ne iirk security objectives of the scheme. net Security includes security wanglement, computing device corpse security, data security, and intercommunicate twirls security 1.Due to the tremendous growth of E-business and the profit enti swan itsy-bitsy or openhanded organizations inviteing it very grand to corroborate wind vane presence to compete in todays market. But connecting to the profit direction that compeverys mysti c ne dickensrk leave be connected to the bug give awaydoors world 8. This makes the private communicate vulner open to endeavors from the cyberspace. As in the grounds of E-business Companys web server must connect to the internet to erect WebPages to customers. This makes the web or file server susceptible to attacks. The earnings engineering must defend the interlock against threats such as vir affairs, worm, Trojan horse, theft of info, molest of re responses, assenting perk up up on. Now a days find to the profit without the firewall is said(prenominal) as leaving your house door open to let anyone contract inside. As the learning theft or identify theft is all time high, calculating machines net workings conduct security measure.To rear defence from the intruders or hackers a surplus device was needed. That is why the device called Firewall was introduced in back in 1988 17. soon there atomic number 18 numerous an smart(prenominal)(prenominal) a(prenominal) various variety shows of firewalls in the market. These firewalls non solo incompatible in live scarcely their functionalities ar incompatible as well. For an organization it is hard to pick up one firewall and considered defend against attacks. This discipline rationalize you different shells of firewalls and their functionality.The quest pre simulacrum displays the firewall is placed surrounded by the Internet and the private profits to result profits security and cling toing from attacks.Network Security PolicyAs everyone want to harbor their meshing and the information in the internet so we should corroborate some benignant of rules to find out that what is acceptable or what is not acceptable on the interlocking 1. To halt these rules or procedures we initiatory-year need to have a security policy. Having a good and detailed security is the excellent start of network security. by and by the creation of policy we need follow throug h with(predicate) this security policy to pass on the technical confine. Be occasion if this ironware or parcel product devices is needed to provide the protection. A firewall is employ to apply this security policy on the networkSecuring Network with FirewallTechnical controls are the just about im demeanorant agency of the network security program because it provides a protection against the attacks and holds network safe. Firewall is one of the main types of device to provide technically or physically control the network parentage.What is a firewallThe term firewall originally comes from firewalls which protect the fire from spreading to the some different part of the building4. A firewall is a device in the network which divide or separate the trusted network (Private network) form the untrusted network (outside network). The firewall fag be special devices such as ironware firewall or may be computer runing firewall software program.The main pack of the firew all implementation is to protect the network from interminable threats and scarcely allow authoried calling going in or out of the networks. Firewall drive out be used as standalone devices or bathroom be configure on gateway router on the network such as cisco PIX firewall 5.The pastime figure display the firewall penetrate traffic by letting only trustworthy traffic in the network and rejecting unaccredited traffic at the network boundary.How Firewalls mitigate attacks?The main aim of the firewall technology is to protect the sensitive information moving amid the two networks 4. In a real world scenario firewall is placed betwixt a private network and internet to prevent attacks. Firewall is one of the most requirement barriers that nooky defend computer networks from many threats. The firewall at the perimeter of the network is the first line of defence against external attacks. To mitigate the attacks the firewall divides the network into two zonasTrusted Zone rece ived users in the private network or a private network.Least trusted Zone users from the Internet essay to access the private network.The simple firewall job is to separately permit or deny the traffic base on the access rules 4.Permit the original traffic is allowed in the network match to the predefined access rules.Deny the unauthorized traffic tick off at the firewall and information is sent to network administrator or discarded.The above figure displays that hoe firewall filter the traffic gibe to the specified criteria.Protecting network with FirewallFirewalls filter the traffic grafts between two or more than than two networks. It move divide the network into protected or unprotected theatre of operationss.The firewall consider as good firewall if it passel protect network from undermentioned vulnerabilitiesFirewall should provide protection against attacks from outside the network. E.g. internet.Firewall should protect the network from any type of internal att acks.Firewall should grant access to the users match to the access privilege take aim users posses 4.Firewall should stop unauthorised users to access the re bases.Hardware and package FirewallsThere are two main categories of firewalls Hardware firewall and Software firewall 5. Depending on the network requirements different firewall is used. Each of these firewalls has its have got benefits. Both of these firewalls have the very(prenominal) aim of providing the secure communication. In the organization you toilette you either computer computer hardware or software or for violate results combination of hardware and software firewall scum bag be used.Hardware FirewallsAs the name hardware pardon itself that it is a hardware firewall device. The hardware firewall is a special device which is usually placed near the gateway router of the network or between two networks to control the traffic flow. Before placing it on the network it is configure with the access policy or security rules on the firewall. When it activated on the network it controls of the network traffic going in or out of the network. The hardware firewall examine the succeeding(prenominal) sheaf and compare with the access rules to decide either allow or discard the software program 11. It is broadly speaking used in galactic businesses and best suit for multinational companies.The future(a) figure displays the hardware firewall providing network security form the Internet.AdvantagesHardware firewall has different operating brass which is the independent of normal scheme such as Microsoft OS. Microsoft windows operating systems and other common OS have much vulnerability 11. But hardware firewalls dont use common OS so it is hard for attacker to have successful attack.The other benefit of this is it faster than the other types of firewalls and slatternly to implement on the network 11.DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage of the hardware firewall is that it is one speckle of failure. If the hardware firewalls fail than all the traffic on the network will stop. No traffic can go in or out of the network. The other disadvantage is that if attacker hack the firewall he can control the traffic going in or out of the network.The most hardware firewalls cost more than the software firewall and specially trained staff is involve to manage the device make the overall cost higher.Also most of these hardware firewalls are traffic patterned by different companies so that distributively of these needs different configuration and maintenance. The network administrative needs to visualise about that specific firewall before placing it into the network and must have knowledge of how to administer the firewall deceive 11.Software FirewallsSoftware firewall is a special software firewall program that can be install on the devices such as router, server or PC. Once it is installed and configure properly it works that said(prenominal) way as hardware firewall. It exa mines the traffic and allows or denies access according to the predefined access rules to determine whether the parcel of land has permission to access the network or not.The consideration must be taken when installing the software firewall on the existing devices because software firewall going to use the CPU and other resources on the devices 11. Make sure the device have sufficient hardware resources to provide excellent performance in this environment. If there are not abounding resources available for software firewall to operate, this can impact the network performance.Also as the attacks and vulnerabilities changes because attacks try different or new methods to attacks on the network so that the software firewall need to upgraded to provide the complete protection against new threats on the networks. It is best suitable for small businesses and home networks. Because it is easy to implement and no special hardware is take.The following figure displays the computer or rout er streamlet the software firewall providing network security.AdvantagesAs the software firewall can be installed on the existing network devices so it normally cost less than the hardware firewall. There are many free software firewall programs on the internet which can be downloaded on the PC for free.DisadvantagesSoftware firewalls share the system resources with other employments running on the computer. It can impact the performance of the computer if there are no enough resources.Most of the times software firewall companies give free firewall occupation provide basic network protection only. To thump the full protection against all attacks you have to pay for the take in functions.The other disadvantage of the software firewall is run on existing movement system, so it can be very vulnerable to have homogeneous king of attacks as on operating systems 11.Different Types of FirewallsAfter defining the two major categories of firewall, now the next part of the story ex plain the types of firewall based upon how firewall filter software programs and its behaviour in the network security. In this report transmission control protocol/IP model is used to define the process of how parcels are treated and filter by different types of firewalls.Packet-filtering FirewallThis was the first type of firewall to protect the networks. Packet filtering firewall check the source and destination IP incubate of the software and let the parcels in or out according to the security policy of the organization 8. Normally gateway router on the network edge is used to filter these packets. Access control list (ACL) can be assemble on the router to act like packet filtering firewall. Based on the access rules router can allow or deny access into the network.The following figure displays the debut coming packet can be filter based on the specified rules such as IP terminus, packet types and port snatch.AdvantagesIt the simplest form of the firewall and easy to im plement on the network. When Packet filtering firewall is placed in the network it will not slow the network down and users of the network will not feel the difference in network performance.DisadvantagesThis was the first type of firewall introduced for the networks. As it check the aim 3 address in the packet and let the packet in or denied access according to the security policy. IP spoofing is technique to spoof the IP address to any IP address you like to change. Hackers can use IP spoofing software to get the access through the packet filtering firewall.The other problem with packet filtering firewall is that it does not know who is using the service.Recommended UsagePacket filtering firewall is used in low security environment or when the cost is an issue. It can be implemented on the router to save money but this kind of firewall should not be used in high security environment. Good for small businesses or filter traffic within the organization.Stateful Inspection Firewall The stateful firewall checks and monitors the state of the linkups between source and destination 4. It is the most complex type of firewall. This type of firewall can monitor all kinds of connectives e.g. connection initiation, connection termination and information transfer 4. It can perform the multilayer inspection. In multilayer inspection the packets first checked at the Internet Protocol layer (Layer 3 of the TCP/IP model) if the packet is granted access than it can also perform the morsel check at the application layer (Layer 5 of the TCP/IP model).It can inspect the TCP or UDP sessions and keep monitor these session between the source and destination. When the packet first arrived at the firewall it inspects the protocols in the packet and authorized or denied the packet according to the network security policy. If the packet is authorized than it keeps the information about the sources, destination, port name and TCP sequence number in the record table. E.g. Cisco Pix firewallThe following figure displays the incoming coming packet can be filter based on the specified application rules.AdvantagesIt is more secure than the packet filtering because it can not only do the deep inspection of the packets but also keeps records of each session.DisadvantagesIt can slow the network down because all traffic goes through firewall and this kind of firewall is expensive.The other disadvantage is the when packet inside the network go outside the hackers can capture the packet and examines the internal IP address in the packet header. This can give hacker some information about the IP address scheme used in the network. This information leads towards the some sort of attack on the network. But NAT can be used to resolve this problem with stateful firewall.Recommended UsageThis kind of firewall is good for networks that ask high level of security. Mostly used by the medium and large sizing organization where audit of each session is required. application progr am-level GatewayApplication level firewall was image to provide more security to the network by checking all layers of the TCP/IP model. As the packet switching firewall only examine the incoming packet up to Internet protocol layer of but application layer firewall provide security checking up to application layer.The application firewall is a dedicated computer also known as proxy server. Proxy server proxy for external services supplicate for internal services and proxy exchange information with internal network 1. The main advantage is that it cloaks the internal network from the outsiders.A proxy service has two important components proxy server and proxy client 3The job of the proxy server is to accept connection from one side of the network and connect to the other side of the network. Proxy Server first checks if the connection or army is allowed or not, if server is allowed than the proxy server makes the second connection to the destination server on the other side o f the network.In this way the source army is connected indirectly to destination host via proxy server. This indirect connection between source and destination hide the valuable information about the internal network to pass on to external network.AdvantageAs Application layer firewall filter up to application later, it can understand variety of different application so that checks can be perform on the content of the different application traffic for effect results.DisadvantagesIf there are too many users in the network proxy services may slow the network down.The following figure displays the incoming coming packet can be filter based on the specified application rules. For example you can stop the HTTP traffic and allow all other protocol. With the application firewall you have more control to filter traffic based on the protocols.Recommended UsageThis kind of firewall is good for networks that required high level of security such as Banking. Mostly used by the medium and large size organization. It cost more than the packet filtering firewall.Circuit-Level GatewayCircuit level firewall is more drum out form of packet filtering firewall because it can examine the incoming packet in more detail. It also provides more protection against attacks as compare with packet filtering firewall. Circuit level firewall not only checks the IP address, port number but it also checks the TCP handshake status between source and destination hosts and keep record of the TCP handshake 12. This type of firewall checks TCP handshake connection status before authorizing the access.The circuit level firewall works at the TCP layer (Layer 4 of TCP/IP model). Because it need to examines the TCP handshake between hosts and open the session between hosts.The source host start the connection, when the packet arrived at the gateway the gateway examines the connection information in the IP packet. The gateway find the match of the packet with the in security policy predefined on the g ateway. If the packet gets permission to bow in the network the gateway makes the 2nd connection to the destination host. When the IP packet arrives at the destination it has the source address as the address of the gateway 12.The following figure displays the traffic is only allowed if the session is initiated by the authorized host on the network otherwise all other traffic will be denied.AdvantagesThe circuit level gateway provides better protection against some attacks such as IP spoofing which packet filtering firewall cannot detect.It checks each TCP session and open the port manage all the incoming and outgoing connection. Because of that no unauthorized traffic allowed in the network it is considers protected network.The other main circuit level gateway benefit is that it hides the IP address of the trusted network from the un-trusted networks because outside host only get the source IP as the gateway address. E.g. Network Address exposition (NAT)DisadvantagesThe main prob lem with this kind of firewall is that it does not check the content of the packet. This substance that the in the packet the content may be some kind of virus or worm. Because of this reason authorized host mistake can bring virus in the network.Recommended UsageThis kind of firewall is good for networks that required high level of security. Mostly used by the medium and large size organization. Network router can be used to act as a firewall but for large organizations separate firewall devices is recommended.Comparison between different firewallsFirewall type or cost vary depends on the size of the organization and type or access required. My investigation is based upon for medium size company. Now a day firewalls are very advance region of equipment that has most the function in one device. E.g. IDS, IPSHardware firewallSo many different types are available in market, depend on the type can filter based upon IP addressYes it canDepends upon the security policy the firewall can filter incoming or outgoing traffic.These are mostly proprietor devices so the network administrator must learn to manage.Cisco ACE 4710 HARDWARE-0.5GBPS-1001083 high-ticket(prenominal) because it comes with the special hardware device.Software firewallYESYes it can filterYes it is easy to operate.Cisco PIX Firewall Software248Relatively cheaper that hardware firewallPacket filtering firewallYESNOBasic firewall cannot filter ports.If configure to filter it can check either incoming or outgoing or twain traffic.Yes it is easy to operate.Netgear SRX5308-100EUS ProSafe Quad WAN Gigabit SSL VPN Firewall347One of the basic type, you can find this firewall cheaper.Stateful firewallYESYESYESYESCisco ASA 5505 Security appliance Unlimited Firewall Edition Bundle441.36 high-priced but provide good level of protectionApplication level firewallYESYESEasy to manage GUI based interface which makes it to configureSonicWALL NSA 220644.00Expensive but provide good level of protectionCircuit level firewallYESYESYESEasy to manage GUI based interface which makes it to configureCisco ASA 5505 Firewall Edition Bundle security appliance566.15Expensive but provide good level of protectionRecommendation and ImplementationFirewall end principlesThe first thing to remember that firewall is good only if it is configured properly but before buying and placing the firewall in the network you should know the answer of the following questions.What type of network it is and what are the network requirements?What is kind of information you have in the network?What level of protection is required?Where to place the firewall in the network?Firewall BasingThere are many choices to place the firewall in the network. The following part of the report explains the best placement of the firewall.Bastion HostThe bastion host is a computer system that is used on the network especially on the local area network. It is normally installed after the first firewall. This system is designed in such a wa y that all the traffic has to go through it. As all communication of the private LAN go through it is designed to harden against attacks from outside. It runs the secure stochastic variable of operating system and record of the audit information 18.The following figure displays the bastion host in the network. All traffic in or out of the private LAN is going through the bastion host. watch 11 Bastion host example Ref 13Host-Based FirewallsThe host based firewall is designed to protect the respective(prenominal) host in the network 4. This kind of firewall mostly used for the servers 18 or other important host in the network to provide another layer to defense against the attacks. Host based firewall normally comes with the operating system or because it is software based so you can also buy and install on the host.This is the most effect reply to prevent the individual host in the network. Because most of the attacks now a days comes from the inside of the organization network. So the firewall at the boundary cannot protect from these internal attacks. By installing the host based firewall on host can defend host against security violation and control the traffic according to the access rules. As it is on the host itself it can protect host from both inside and external attacks. The other benefit of host based firewall is that it can be designed and configure according to the host requirement. The reason is that as some host on the network has different operating system or different needs e.g. servers.The disadvantage to have host based firewall on host is that host processes each packet which is CPU intensive. This traffic checking process can slow the performance of the individual host.The following figure display each host in the network has host-based firewall to gives extra protection to the individual host according to their needs.Figure 12 Host based Firewall Ref 14 personalized FirewallIt is application software that can be installed on the compute r or host. Once activated on the computer it examines the traffic going in or out of the computer. User control this firewall through GUI based application and configures the required level of security. It can allow or deny the traffic as defined by the user. There are many free personal firewalls available on the internet which can be downloaded from the internet. E.g. AVG antivirus is free and comes with basic personal firewall.The other thing you must remember that it is design to protect one host, this means that personal firewall need to install on every host on the network. This is not very scalable in the large network that is why it is mostly use for personal computers in homes or for small office.The following figure display the example of the Norton personal firewall.Figure 13 Personal Firewall Example Ref 15Firewalls in network designThere are many solutions available here are some of the important onesDemilitarized Zone (demilitarized zone) designThe Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ) is the special area which is designed between two networks. DMZ provides protection against outside and inside attacks. The external firewall is used to protect the network and the internal firewall is used protect the network from inside attacks the secure area is created between the two firewalls. In the large organizations this area is used to keep the servers such as web server or file servers so that the authorized outside users can access the network. In really you are creating three zonesOutside zone (Internet)Intermediate zone (DMZ)Inside zone (Private network)You can see from the figure below that two firewalls are use to create DMZ.Figure 14 Firewall Implementation in DMZ design Ref 17Fault tolerant firewall designThe following design can be used to provide jailbreak tolerant solution. In the following design two firewalls are used. One of the firewall is in active mode (main firewall) and the other one is passive mode (standby firewall). If the active firewall fails the passive firewall takes control. This is best solution to provide the network security and redundancy.Figure 15 Example of fault tolerant firewall implementation Ref 16Test the firewallAfter firewall is installed in the network, you should always judge that how effect it is and what are the vulnerabilities of this firewall. Testing the firewall can be done by using the network testing tools such as network perceptivity tools or Port scanning tools. These tools are available in the arrest software version 5 for network testing. If you able to hack you own network and bypass the firewall, its means that firewall is effective. In this way you can able to find the vulnerabilities of the firewall and work on these weaknesses to resolve the network security issue. overall benefits and limitations of firewallsBenefits of using firewall in the Network foil unauthorized personals in the network.Prevent sensitive information exposure to unauthorized hosts.The flow of data between two n etworks or between two hosts can be controlled.By the deep examination of the data packet certain protocols can allowed or deny in the network.Security policy rules can be configuring to provide technical control.As all the network traffic goes through firewall, placing the firewall at the edge of the network gives one period of entry for all data. It makes easy to manage one point control connection to outside world.Limitations of FirewallsAs firewall is the single point of entry for all traffic, failure of firewall can cause the disconnection from the internet or other connected networks.Some of the new attacks may not be detected by the firewalls.Hackers try different ways to bypass the firewalls by checking the weakness or vulnerabilities of the specific firewall and attack according to the type of firewall.By placing the firewall on the network edge can slow down the network performance because firewall has to check each packet going in to out of the network.If the firewall con figuration is not right it may not stop the attacks.If the packet is encrypted firewall cannot understandConclusionThere is no one firewall which can be placed on the network and network will be 100% secure. So do not rely on just one firewall to provide all kind of protection. In the network use multiple protection devices such as IPS or IDS with the firewall to defence against other attacks. The most important to have network security policy and all users must agree to follow this policy. The firewall devices must be configured according to the security policy of the organization. The network administer should continually review the firewall as the level of the threats changes frequently. The best firewall should reduce the risk of attacks and easier to manage setting. The cost is another important point when selecting the firewall. Lastly when selecting the firewall network requirements, choice of service and performance should be the main consideration because it is the focal p oint for the traffic going in or out of the network. Too many users and extra load on the firewall can degrade the performance of the self-coloured network. So during selection of the firewall consideration of network requirements is the most important stage.

Life, Death, and Cancer :: Essays Papers

Life, Death, and CancerThe vast majority of people go though manner taking things as they are they seem to neer want to agnize how things work or why something happens the way it does. Think most it, how does a plan fly, or how does an engine run. These innovations were discovered many years ago and took much time and essay to discover and perfect. If a person were to belief at the world, there is not much that they could say I endure how this works, rather they say I wonder why this happens as it does. Well 1 of the most important things in the world is medicine, or the medical world. Without the past works of doctors, surgeons, and those who have helped pave the way, the world would be devastated. One of the most important and dangerous areas of surgery is that of the head word. The brain is one of the most complex parts of the body and takes much time and effort to understand. If a part is so complex that is controls actions, thoughts, feelings, contains knowledg e and facts, just venture about how hard it would be to really understand what this part is undetermined of doing. Such complex things such as the brain require to a greater extent effort and time to understand than any engine or sheet of paper could ever have. Without the dedication that these people had, the information that we have today would never be possible. The technology that was present back in the day was nought more then steel, a mirror, paper, and a pen. The way that this information was trustworthy is amazing to just imagine what the possibilities are for the future(a) is going to be outstanding and the risks will become nothing of the past. The past generations have stria a standard for excellence and a need of knowledge what the future holds is even greater. History is one of the most important things in achiever of surgery but to be better educated on the effect of cancer one must know what cancer is, the types of cancer, and the solution s to elimina te cancer in general. One of the most exciting things about the discovery brain cancer is the history behind the complex operation. To call up that back in the eighteen hundreds physicians and doctors had the capability to open the human brain and surgically remove the tumor in the brain.

Computer Education Should Be Compulsory :: Argumentative Persuasive Technology Education

Students spend five years at high aim hold backing many things, but how much of what they learn is really utilizable? For example, many students forget a lot of what they learn about autobiography and calculus because they have no practical use for what they have learned. Computers, however, ar now a part of our everyday lives. Therefore, students should be required to learn how to use computers because they will benefit in twain their personal and overlord life. In particular, learning about computers can help you to organize you pay better, to gather information easily, and to enjoy a variety of recreation activities. (103) For both personal and professional needs, a computer is of great help in taking interest of financial matters. One way that computers help is in paying bills. Almost all bills, such as electric and recollect bills for the home, credit card payments, and installments on a car can be st ipendiary using a computer. Of course, one needs Internet memory access for this. Another financial convenience offered by computers is paying for purchases. In a similar way to paying bills, purchases can be ordered and paid for using the Internet and a credit card number. Then the specific purchased can be delivered directly to your front door. Finally, a student at university, or someone who has graduated from high school, can take care of banking by computer over the Internet. In this case, one can transportation money from one bank account to another without going to the bank, displace a fax, or even making a telephone call. (155)

Effective Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Essay -- essays researc

Effective approaches to prevent jejune pregnancyAfter reading legion(predicate) articles and abstracts in regards to the ever so intriguing topic of stripling pregnancy, Ive come to a conclusion which is a little different than I had expected. Before reading any of the literature on teen pregnancy, I was under the assumption that the wake education classes provided in school were an super effective weapon against unwanted teenage pregnancies. Of the literature references that Ive utilize and those of which I fork over havent chosen to extrapolate on, galore(postnominal) have reported results based on random surveys while others have conducted quantifiable research to reach their findings.In an article by Dryfoos J in the Planned Parenthood Review, Dryfoos mentions some methods that have been proven to meagrely impact the teenage pregnancy issue. The article, Preventing teen pregnancy what works, the author tells us of whats necessary for any program designed to prevent te en pregnancy to be effective. He states To avoid unint intercepted pregnancy among newfangled persons, two conditions moldiness be met they must(prenominal) have the capacity and a reason to want to control their fertility. This means that a teenager must have a reason to prevent herself from becoming pregnant as well as the means to do so. There are programs soon in place which help to provide a means to an end to this problem. They include family life education and birth control services. Programs which assist in providing a reason to non get pregnant include role of life programs and expanding opportunities programs. Based on studies performed, two trends are emerging. These studies indicate that sex education can enhance knowledge but little point shows that these school based sex education programs have informal exertion or contraception use. Also, evaluations on the method of problem-solving have shown a trim back amount of risk-taking behavior as well as increase in the use of contraceptives for sexually active teenagers. Another article that I chose was the ledger of Adolescent Health by K. A. Hacker, Y. Amare, N. Strunk, and L. Horst entitled Listening to youth teen perspectives on pregnancy prevention. This article gives statistical evidence of a teens perspective on pregnancy prevention. This article gives us a very convincing detailed analysis of their survey including percentages of students who felt a particular wa... ..., as I have discussed before what is being taught to students is not the reality of the topic, but a non-controversial G rated version of the dangers of early sexual activity. I believe that neither of the two solutions will work without the other. Parents must speak to their children regardless of how awkward it may feel in increase to better and more informative education on the sexuality and its repercussions.BibliographyDryfoos J. Preventing teen pregnancy what works. Planned Parenthood Review, October, 2002, pp. 6-7.Hacker, Karen A Amare, Yared Strunk, Nancy Horst, Leslie. Listening to Youth teenager Perspectives on Pregnancy Prevention. Journal of Adolescent Health, April, 2000, pp.279-288.Somers, Cheryl L. Fahlman, Mariane M. Effectiveness of the Baby Think It Over teenage Pregnancy Prevention Program. Journal of School Health, May, 2001, Vol. 71 Issue 5, p188, 9p. Wood, B. Daniel. Teens, sex, and index number of parents. The Christian Science Publishing Society, September, 2002.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

jacket punishment, also know as the death penalty, is the hardest form of punishment enforced in the join States today. It is a controversial issue that continues to be debated by the American public. nearly of the factors people do not agree on the issue of uppercase punishment is immoral and for this reason should not be allowed in our society. On the other hand, there are many reasons for the support of great(p) punishment. Capital punishment protects the innocent(p) of society against the violence of criminals. Capital punishment deters horror and helps create peaceful conditions for our society. Capital punishment also serves the purpose of rightness for the victims of the crimes. Furthermore, people believe that death penalty reduces serious crimes. Although there are many effective reasons supporting the death penalty, many people unperturbed deem that Capital punishment should be abolished because it is cruel, inhumane and barbaric. Moreover, the possibility of in nocent death is always there. In addition, some people believe that the close effective punishment to deter crimes is life sentence, not Capital punishment.Firstly, Capital Punishment is cruel and unusual punishment. Once a jury has convicted a person, they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge agrees, the criminal will face some form of motion and then a life is ended. The death pena...

Analysis of Robert Frosts Poem, Nothing Gold Can Stay Essay -- Robert

Analysis of Robert Frosts Poem, Nothing Gold send packing last out Robert Frost has a fine talent for putting words into poetry. rowing which are norm entirelyy simplistic spur to life when he combines them into a whimsical poetic masterpiece. His Nothing Gold Can Stay song is no exception. Although short, it drives inhabitancy a deep point and meaning. Life is such a imperfect thing and most(prenominal) of it is taken for granted. The finest, most scarce time in life generally passes in what could be the blink of an eye. Nothing Gold Can Stay shows just this. Even in such a small poem he describes what would seem an eternity or an entire lifetime in octad plain lines. Change is eminent and will happen to all living things. This is the main point of the poem and is shown consistently throughout the eight lines.While birth and beginnings are an inevitable part of nature and life, most people do not see how quickly this beautiful and precious time passes. Robert Frost stat es in the very start stanza this point. With two simple sentences it becomes clear how precious life truly is. ?Nature?s first green is gold? is the first line of the first poem and it depicts simply what the majority of us take for granted. ?Gold? is the beauty and value of what is really the most precious moment in life, which is birth. The second line of the poem is ?Her hardest hue to hold.? In the moment it takes to stare in awe at such beauty, it can disappear, and with it the innocence and naivety of which is new t...

Phonics and Whole Language Essay -- essays papers

Phonics and all told Language A great debate whether the phonic betterment or strong language approach should be use in the classroom has been occurring since the early nineteen thirties, and there has not been a definite decision on which approach should be utilise to tutor in the classroom. To understand this debate, one must first understand the differences betwixt whole language and phonics learning.The Definition of PhonicsMany concourse argon woolly-headed by the term phonics, because the term can literally have devil meanings. As Miriam Balmuth explains, in the historically earlier sense, the phonics of written language are the earn and spelling patterns of that languages alphabet and the speech sounds they intendput very simply, the sounds that the letters make (Balmuth, 1982). This explains the fact that many antithetical written languages have different phonics systems. Some letters are utilise the same in different languages, but the letters are desi gnate different speech sounds. The second definition of the term phonics is what most people attribute to the word. The historically more recent definition of phonics refers to a proficiency of reading instruction (Balmuth, 1982). According to Charles Fries, Phonics in this sense means the practices in the teaching of reading that have aimed at matching individual letters of the alphabet with specific sounds of English pronunciation (Fries, 1963). The first definition faculty date back further than the second, but both are used in the instructional reading techniques today.The Definition of Whole LanguageThe whole word approach has been often referred to as the look and say approach, and has date back to the eighteen hundreds. Balmuth defines the whole word approach as an approach that consists of first presenting a block of written language, rather than single letters, and therefore breaking down the clock into its components (Balmuth, 1982). Whole language is a act that teaches children to guess at words by looking at pictures on a page, memorizing a few words, and skipping over words that are not familiar. A familiar form of the whole language approach is illustrated in the books of Dick and Jane by publisher Scott Foresman (Chall, 1983). These books were brought about by the publisher displace out slick salesman to every school district to demonstrate how advantageously children could be ta... ...iography1. Balmuth, Miriam. (1982), The Roots of Phonics A historical Introduction. unfermented York McGraw-Hill.2. Chall, Jeanne. (1983), The Great Debate. New York McGraw-Hill.3. Cunningham, A.E., Explicit Instruction In phonological Awareness, The Journal Of Experimental squirt Psychology, 1990, v. 50, pp. 434-435.4. Fries, Charles C. (1963) Linguistics and Reading. New York Holt, Reinhart, and Winston. 5. Hayes, R.B., Three Approaches to Beginning Reading, the Reading Teacher, 1976, v. 20, p. 6946. McKe won, M.G., Learning dictionary Different Ways for Different Goals, Open Publishing, 1988, pp. 42-437. Peterson, O. Program for Stimulating Phonological Awareness in Preschool Children, Reading Research Quarterly, 1988, v. 23, pp. 265-2688. Vail, Priscilla. (1991), Common Ground Whole Language and Phonics Working Together, New Jersey Modern Learning wardrobeArticles1. Holgate, Karen. (1998) Phonics vs. Whole Language Whats the Big Deal?2. Schafly, Phyllis. (1996) The Phyllis Schafly Report. Vol. 29, No. 12, July 1996.3. Unknown. pay off to Read Report. Nov/Dec, 94